turbellaria.umaine.eduTurbellaria - Taxonomy

Turbellarian Taxonomic Database A listing of the taxonomy of turbellarians (formerly class Turbellaria of the phylum Platyhelminthes) Taxonomic search (for taxon, taxonomic authority, taxonomic literature) Biogeography search (by location, coordinates, authority) History of turbellarian research (those who conducted research on turbellarians) Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida Acoelomorpha Ehlers, 1985 Nemertodermatida Karling, 1940 Acoela Uljanin, 1870 Nephrozoa Deuterostomia Ambulacraria (Echinodermata / Hemichordata) Chordata (Vertebrata / Urochordata / Cephalochordata) Protostomia Platyhelminthes * Minot, 1876 [Hyman, 1951] / Plathelminthes Schneider, 1873 [Ehlers & Sopott-Ehlers, 1995] Catenulida Graff, 1905 Rhabditophora Ehlers, 1985 Macrostomorpha Doe, 1986 Trepaxonemata Ehlers, 1984 Polycladida Lang, 1881 [sensu Prudhoe, 1985]Amplimatricata Egger, Lapraz, Tomiczek, Mueller, et al., 2015 Polycladida Lang, 1881 [sensu Faubel, 1983/1984] Prorhynchida Karling, 1974 Gnosesimida Karling, 1974 Euneoophora Laumer & Giribet, 2014 Eulecithophora de Beauchamp, 1961Rhabdocoela Meixner, 1925 Kalyptorhynchia Graff, 1905 Dalytyphloplanoida Willems, Wallberg, Jondelius, Littlewood, Backeljau, Schockaert, Artois, 2006 Neodalyelliida Willems et al., 2006 Neotyphloplanida Willems et al., 2006 Limnotyphloplanida Van Steenkiste et al., 2013 Temnocephalida Blanchard, 1849 = Temnocephalidae Van Steenkiste et al., 2021 Thalassotyphloplanida Willems et al., 2006 Proseriata Meixner, 1938 Acentrosomata Egger, Lapraz, Tomiczek, Mueller, et al., 2015 Adiaphanida Noren & Jondelius, 2002 Tricladida Lang, 1884 Maricola Hallez, 1892 Cavernicola Sluys, 1990 Continenticola Carranza, Littlewood, Clough, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguna, & Riutort, 1998 Prolecithophora Karling, 1940 Fecampiida Rohde, Luton & Johnson, 1994 Urastomidae, Fecampiidae, Genostomatidae, Notenteridae Bothrioneodermata Egger, Lapraz, Tomiczek, Mueller, et al., 2015 Bothrioplanida Sopott-Ehlers, 1985 Neodermata Ehlers, 1985 Monogenea N.N. Cestoda: Gyrocotylidea / Amphilinidea + Eucestoda - [see Cestoda on WoRMS ] Trematoda: Aspidogastrea + Digenea - [see Trematoda on WoRMS ] *Hierarchy for Platyhelminthes reflects Egger et al. (2015) and Laumer & Giribet (2014) database last modified: 10 May, 2024 Cite as "Tyler S, Schilling S, Hooge M, and Bush LF (comp.) (2006-2024) Turbellarian taxonomic database. Version 2.07 http://turbellaria.umaine.edu" About turbellarians Traditional, pre-cladistic systems placed the flatworms in a single phylum, the Platyhelminthes, subdivided into the classes Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda. Turbellarians are the largely free-living flatworms-those that don’t parasitize other animals-while the other classes encompass the obligate parasites, most of which live in or on the bodies of vertebrates. Turbellaria is, in particular, considered an invalid class because it is not monophyletic. (It is either paraphyleticthat is, having descendants, namely the parasitic classes, that are not classified within it [Ehlers, 1985]; or it could be polyphyleticthat is, having arisen from more than one ancestor, one for the acoels and another for catenulidans and rhabditophorans [Baguñà and Riutort, 2004; Phillipé et al., 2011]). The term "turbellarian" can still be applied to those worms that were formerly classified in the Turbellaria, but the term "Turbellaria" (specifically, the capitalized taxon name) would have to be written in quotation marks to indicate its paraphyletic status. Not all turbellarians are free-living. In recognition of recent proposals based on molecular sequences (particularly of 18s rDNA, some Hox genes, and, most recently, fuller genomic data) the system displayed here treats the Acoelomorpha as separate from the phylum Platyhelminthes. The position and status of Acoelomorpha have been volatile in molecular systematics, some claiming that it itself is paraphyletic, many claiming that it (possibly as separate taxa Acoela and Nemertodermatida) belongs near the base of the animal tree of life, as the most basal bilaterians-that is, the most primitive of any animal phylum outside of the sponges and cnidarians. Phylogenomic studies place the Acoelomorpha either within the Deuterostomia (Philippé et al., 2011) or more basally as a sister group to all other bilaterians (Hejnol et al., 2009; Cannon et al., 2016). As a deuterostome, the Acoelomorpha would be in a phylum Xenacoelomorpha that includes also the enigmatic sack-like animal Xenoturbella ), and the Xenacoelomorpha is itself placed as sister group to the Ambulacraria (Ehinoderms + Hemichordata). Significantly, proposals that Acoelomorpha was the most primitive bilaterian-a controversial claim that did not make sense in terms of the morphology of acoels-are likely to be the result of statistical error (Philippé et al., 2019; Kapli & Telford, 2020). Achatz et al. (2013) comprehensively review the morphological and molecular characters that apply to the placement of the Acoela. The Platyhelminthes, as defined in all of these molecular systems, would be only distantly related to the Acoelomorpha and classified as a lophotrochozoan phylum, in a group with Amnelida and Nemertea (Philippé et al., 2019). This taxonomic database covers all turbellarian flatworms, including parasitic turbellarians. The position of the major parasitic taxa (the other classes in the traditional system), encompassed now in the taxon Neodermata, is indicated in the hierarchy here in accordance with Egger’s et al. (2015) transcriptomic-phylogenomic analysis. No neodermatans, themselves, are treated here, however. References cited Achatz JG, Chiodin M, Salvenmoser W, Tyler S, Martinez P (2013) The Acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis). Organisms, Diversity, and Evolution. 13:267-286; DOI: 10.1007/s13127-012-0112-4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j438837426x12815/ Baguñà J, Riutort M (2004) Molecular phylogeny of the Platyhelminthes. Can J Zool 82:168-193. Cannon JT, Vellutini BC, Smith III J, Ronquist F, Jondelius U, Hejnol A (2016) Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530:89-93 doi:10.1038/nature16520. Egger B, Lapraz F, Tomiczek B, Müller S, Dessimoz C, Girstmair J, Skunca N, Rawlinson KA, Cameron CB, Beli E, Todaro MA, Gammoudi M, Noreña C, Telford MJ (2015) A transcriptomic-phylogenomic analysis of the evolutionary relationships of flatworms. Current Biology 25, 1347-1353 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.034 Ehlers U (1985) Das Phylogenetische System der Plathelminthes. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York. 317 pp Hejnol A, Obst M, Stamatakis A, Ott M, Rouse GW, Edgecombe GD, Martinez P, Baguna J, Bailly X, Jondelius U, Wiens M, Muller WEG, Seaver E, Wheeler WC (2009) Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proc. R. Soc. B. 276, 4261-4270. Kapli P, Telford MJ (2020) Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha. Science Adv. 6(50): eabc5162. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 Laumer C, Giribet G (2014) Inclusive taxon sampling suggests a single, stepwise origin of ectolecithality in Platyhelminthes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond, 111: 570-588. doi:10.1111/bij.12236 Philippé H, Brinkmann H, Copley RR, Moroz LL, Nakano H, Poustka AJ, Wallberg A, Peterson KJ, Telford MJ (2011) Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella. Nature 470(7333): 255-258 doi:10.1038/nature09676 Philippe H, Poustka AJ, Chiodin M, Hoff KJ, Dessimoz C, Tomiczek B, ..., Copley RR, Martinez P, Telford MJ (2019) Mitigating anticipated effects of systematic errors supports sister-group relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria. Curr Biol 29: 1818-1826 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 About the taxonomic listing Louise Bush sorting turbellarians Data in this listing were initially compiled by Louise Bush using programs developed by Seth...